Index of American Pentimento

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A


Abraham (Biblical figure), 93

Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act (1976); See Northern Territory Act (1976)  

aborigines,* 165, 166, 182

Acadia, 56

Acosta, José de, 61, 69, 100

Adams, John Quincy, 158

Africa (see also East Africa; North Africa; West Africa), 8, 163, 164

Africans, 149

agriculture. See farming

Alaska, 179

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971), 185

Algeria, 183

Algonkians (people), 3, 56

Algonquian (language), 164

aljama, 76, 78, 84. See also community

Amazon, 98, 141, 144, 145, 174, 182, 189

Americas, 153, 190

American natives, x, 11

Amsterdam, 110

Andalusia, 76, 77, 84, 85

Andes, 78, 122

Anglo-Saxons, 5, 8, 93, 124, 126

Apalachees, 17, 134, 169

"apportionment," 62

Aquinas, Thomas, 118

Arabs, 132

Aragon, 74, 83, 85, 87, 88

Arawak, 143

archaeology, 173

Argentina, 91, 105, 164, 173, 183, 189

Asia, 8, 147, 153, 163, 164

assets, native, seizure of, 116

assimilation, Spanish aversion to, 102

Australia, 12, 153, 156, 165, 166, 173, 179, 182, 183, 186, 190

Australian Northern Territories, 182

autonomy, native, 84

Axtell, James, 46

Ayamara, 177

Aztecs, x, 3, 77, 79, 80, 100, 122, 148

B 

Bacon, Francis, 36

Bahia, 106, 142

Balboa, Vasco de, 96

Balkan Peninsula, 93

bandeirantes. See slave raiding

barbed wire, 159

Barentsen, Pieter, 111

Barros, João, 30

Barsh, Russel, 168

Belknap, Jeremy, 158

Berners, Juliana, 49

Biard, Pierre, 56

Bible, 120, 128, 129

Bierce, Ambrose, 16

Black Death, 142

"black gold." See natural resources, oil

blacks, 119

Blackstone, William, 155, 165

Blith, Walter, 39

Bogotá, 105

Bolivia, 177, 180, 188

boundaries. See enclosure movement, English; fences; moral boundaries; political boundaries; spatial boundaries

Bradford, William, x, 109, 110, 127, 128

Brazil, 7, 30, 55, 99, 103, 106, 108, 134, 140, 152, 173, 175, 179, 183, 189

British Columbia, 155, 169, 184, 185

C

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvaro Núñez. See Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvaro

Caddos, 92

Caeté, 106, 110

Calvinists, 53

Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 177

Campos Moreno, Diogo de, 146

Canada, 8, 36, 56, 155, 156, 172, 173, 175, 183, 185, 186

Canadian Constitution Act (1982), 185

Canadian Indian Act (1884), 175

Canadians, 166

Canberra, 182

cannibalism, 91–92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 105, 108, 111, 113, 115, 118, 121, 122, 128, 130,133, 136, 139, 174; Bororo aversion to, 98; Caddoan, 92; English fear of, 109–10; European, 111, 112; European revenge for, 110; Huron, 98; Iroquois, 92, 98; Mayan, 92; Mohawk, 98; native, Iberian depictions of, 114, 173; Oneida, 98; Pawnee, 92;Rarámuri aversion to, 98; ritual, 97–98, 109, 173; and slavery, 103–105, 106, 107,146, 148; Spanish outrage at, 110; surrogate, 98; survival, 97, 111; Tupi, 91, 98, 109

capital (see also money), 15, 26, 114, 115, 165

capital theory, 26

Caribbean, 3, 8, 36, 67, 77, 96, 98, 101, 142

Caribes, 104, 105

Carmelites, 144

Carson National Forest, 184

Carter, James, 186

cash (see also money), 21

Castile, 62, 83, 85, 88

Castilians, 60, 61

Castillo, Bernal Díaz del. See Díaz del Castillo, Bernal

Catalonia, 76

Catholicism, 119, 121, 122, 150; Iberian, 121; priesthood, 120, 176; rituals of, 94, 123; See also Catholics; missions; names of individual orders; Roman Catholic Church

Catholics, 111, 117, 149; French, 118; Spanish, 118. See also
Catholicism; Roman Catholic Church

Caucases, 93

Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco, 95, 96

Champlain, Samuel de, 35

charcoal. See natural resources, charcoal

Charlemagne, 114

Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 43, 44, 66, 68, 77, 83, 84

Cherokees, 134, 159, 168, 169, 170

Chiapas revolt, 177, 188

Chichimecas, 104, 105

Chile, 103, 105, 180, 188, 189

Christ, 93, 94, 106, 117

Christianity, 120, 124, 133, 176; beliefs, Spanish fear of
corruption 123; converts to, Jewish, 120, 123, 146; converts to, native, 120; "Old Christianity," 117, 120; Protestants, 118; rituals of, 120. See also Catholicism; Christians; "Christians, the"; evangelizing Christianizing. See evangelizing Christians, 60, 61, 62, 63, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 101,103, 104, 105, 107, 114, 115, 116, 125, 126, 133, 177–78; Iberian, 74, 94, 124, 140

"Christians, the," 116, 117, 118, 121, 126, 136, 139

civil rights: of market access, 170; of property ownership, 170;
of pursuit of profit, 170, 178; of "recreation," 170

class. See middle class

Clenardo, 27

climate, 131

Clinton, George, 25

clothing, 74, 89

coal. See natural resources, coal

Coke, Edward, 32, 48

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 50

"cold war," 92, 103

Colombia, 179, 180

colonialism: nineteenth- and twentieth-century European, 7, 168

colonists, xi, 152; Dutch, 8, 36, 45, 55, 56, 71, 107, 110; economic objectives of, 5; English, xi, 2, 3, 8–9, 13, 23, 28, 55, 57, 72, 100, 105, 107, 109, 114, 126, 129, 133, 135, 150; French, 3, 8, 36, 45, 55, 56, 107, 114; Portuguese, xi, 3, 45, 55, 56, 57, 60, 99, 100, 103, 105, 135, 136, 139, 147, 150; Spanish, xi, 3, 45, 56, 57, 60, 62, 67, 72, 97, 100, 103, 105, 118, 125, 150

colonization, 2, 5; English, 3, 9, 13, 14, 29, 92, 152; Spanish, 3, 9

Columbus, Christopher, 63, 77, 83, 101

commerce, 123, 135, 137, 148, 165, 172

commercial model: Dutch, 135; French, 135; Portuguese, 135, 136

commodity, 19; Brazil nuts, 140, 141; brazilwood, 137, 139, 141; coral, 137; hides, 145; pepper, 138; porcelain, 137; shellac, 137; silks, 137; spices, 138; vanilla, 140, 141. See also crops; money; payment; purchase; presents

common land, shared, 162

communal use rights, 35

community, 64, 65, 76, 78, 80; subjugated, 73, 84, 87

community autonomy: Muslim, 76; Jewish, 76

Connecticut, 178

conquest: of nature, 160; of people—Spanish, 2, 3; of property—English, 2

conquests: Arabic, 4; Berber, 4; Islamic, 75; German, 4; Scandinavian, 4. See also Norman Conquest

conservation, 161

contracts, 23, 75

Cook, James, 110

Copeland, Patrick, 35

Cordoba, 92

Cortés, Hernán, x, 44, 67, 77, 84, 96, 100, 104, 105, 108, 147

cotton. See crops, cotton

Cotton, John, 20, 38, 52, 53

courts: Spanish, 84, 87. See also legal and economic systems: Spanish

Crashaw, Richard, 101

credit (see also money), 21

Croke, George, 14

Cronon, William, 39

crops: coffee, 127; cotton, 127, 169; indigo, 127; sugar, 127, 139, 143, 144, 145; tobacco, 39, 127, 139, 143 Cuba, 67, 173, 179

Cummins, John, 50

Cushman, Robert, 38, 128

customshouses, Brazilian, 138; for West African goods, 137, 139; for South Asian goods, 137, 139

D 

Dakota (place), 187

Dakotas (people), 176, 178 

Dann, Carrie and Mary, 161, 187

Dawes, Henry, 158

decolonization, 163, 190

de Vries, David, 17

dhimma, 75, 84. See also community

Dias, Carlos Malhiero. See Malhiero Dias, Carlos

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 95, 100, 108

Dineh, 164

disease, native deaths from, 43, 44, 68, 79, 80, 86, 135, 142–43, 145

Dominican Republic. See Hispaniola

Dominicans, 66, 67, 118

donatários. See "lord proprietors"

Donne, John, 70

dress, 132, 177; European, 144

E 

East Africa (see also Africa), 12, 153

Eburne, Richard, 35, 36

economic: activities, 6-7; aims, 11, 132; ambitions, 115, 116; assets, native, 174; consequences, 172; control, 112; customs, Muslim, 60; development, native, 185; development, Portuguese, 136; disputes, 84; goals, Anglo, 178; goals,
Iberian, 178; goods, inheritance of, 85; interests, Jesuit, 145; interests, Portuguese, 145; marriage exchanges, 86; motives, 124, 141; object, 7; objectives, 9, 101; punishment, 122; role, 9; rules, European, 8; traditions, 6-7

economics, 114, 125, 131, 133, 147, 149, 150, 157, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 176, 177, 182, 189

Ecuador, 180, 182, 183, 188

Edward, duke of York, 49, 55

Edward I, king of England, 70

Eliot, John, 147

Elizabeth I, queen of England, 13, 29, 49

empire: labor-based Spanish, 136; land-based English, 136; trade-based Portuguese, 136

enclosure movement, English, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 58

encomienda, 62, 63, 65, 101, 142. See also trusteeship

English (language), 164

enslavement. See slavery

environment, damage to, 186

epidemics. See disease, native deaths from

Eric IX, king of Denmark, 114

Essex, 91, 111

evangelizing, 63, 66, 69, 78, 85, 106, 141, 143, 145; Arabic
lack of, 75. See also missions

evil, 6

exchange: attitudes toward, Dutch, 22, 23; attitudes toward, English, 22; attitudes toward,

F 

French, 22; categories of, 19; medium of—see money; politics of, 22. See also presents; expropriation, forcible, 21, 132, 135, 155, 158, 169, 170, 189

Far East, 137

farming, 3, 8, 16, 22, 26, 27, 28, 37, 38, 45, 46, 64, 69, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86, 88, 100, 130, 134, 136, 142, 144, 148, 153, 168, 169, 187, 188, 189; Brazilian, 27; English, 13, 114, 115, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131; English colonists’ desire for, 30; and landownership, 15, 76, 126, 133, 155; native, 114, 159; nomadic, 143, 145; and slavery, 93, 122. See also crops fences (see also barbed wire; enclosure movement, English), 33, 38, 39, 42, 155, 159, 165

Ferdinand II, king of Aragon (Ferdinand V, king of Castile), 77, 84, 85, 93, 102, 104, 117

Fernandes Sardinha, Pedro, 106

Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 95, 96, 97

fictions, partial, colonial, 113, 115, 133, 146, 157, 158, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177

"fifth," the, 62

Fiji, 153

Fijians, 92

Finland, 114

fishing, 64, 167, 168, 169, 185; gendered divisions of, 171; as recreation, 169, 170; for subsistence, 170

Florida, 67

forest (see also natural resources, timber), 50, 52, 54, 56, 157, 159, 168

forest legislation, French, 50

France, 93, 96

Franciscans, 67, 120, 144

freedom, 66, 102, 103, 143, 180, 186; economic, 133; political, 133; religious, 88, 175, 176

Freitas, Seraphim de, 27

French Revolution, 180

Frobisher, Martin, 128

"frontier," 157; definitions of, 160

Fuero real, 93

fur trade, French, 56

Fureneaux, Tobias, 110

G 

gambling, 176

Gândavo, Pêro de Magalhães de. See Magalhães de Gândavo, Pêro de

Gandhi, Mohandas K., 163

Garden of Eden, 130

gardening. See farming

Gaul, 114

Gê, 99, 143

generational rule, Portuguese, 149

Genoese, 93

gente de razón. See "reason, people of"

"Gentile," 99, 104, 106, 125, 140, 146

gentio. See "Gentile"

Georgia, 168

Ghana, 74

ghettos, 177

gifts. See presents

Gilbert, Humphrey, 13

Ginés Sepúlveda, Juan, 28, 101

Gitksan, 155, 185

gold. See natural resources, gold

goods, exchange and acquisition of, 4

Goshutes, 166

Granada, 74, 84, 85

Gray, Robert, 34, 37, 128, 129, 131

Great Britain, 156

greed, 89; European, 6, 109

Greeks, 93

Grotius, Hugo, 179

Guajajara, 175

Guaranís, 143, 145, 174

Guatemala, 78, 147, 174, 177, 180

Gumatj, 182

H

Haida, 147

Haiti. See Hispaniola

Hakluyt, Richard, 29, 37, 38

Hale, Mathew, 124

hallucinogens, 175

Hanson, E. Allan, 172

Hawaii, 167

Hemming, John, 91

Henare, Tau, 177

Herbert, Edward, 14

Herculano, Alexandre, 92

herding, cattle, 143, 144

Heresbach, Conrad, 89

heresy, 94, 100

Hieronymites, 64, 141

Hispaniola, 61, 63, 64, 67, 104

"history," 157, 158, 159, 161, 167, 172–73

Hoffmann, Stanley, 182

homosexuality, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 111, 121–22

Honduras, 174

Horomia, Parekura, 177

Hooch, Pieter de, 11

horseback riding, 74, 90, 132

Hudson's Bay Company, 155

human dignity, 1, 2

human rights, 10, 179, 181; communal, 180, 181; English interpretation of, 180; individual, 180, 181; Portuguese interpretation of, 180; Spanish interpretation of, 180. See also civil rights

Humboldt, Alexander von, 89

humility: Muslim imposition on Christians and Jews, 74; Spanish imposition on Muslims and Jews, 74; Spanish imposition on Native Americans, 82, 151

hunting, 3, 9, 46, 47, 48, 50, 64, 77, 113, 124, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 153, 158, 167, 168, 185; aristocratic rituals of, 156, 166; class division of, 48–49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 157, 171; death penalty for, 48, 54; English techniques of, 49; gendered divisions of, 54–55, 56, 157, 171; on horseback, 90; large game, 156; native, defined by the English, 53, 115; native, English depictions of, 114, 155; native, English hostility toward, 54; native practices and techniques of, 51; as pest extermination, 51, 53; of petroleum products, 184; as recreation, 51, 55, 157, 171; safari, 156; for Subsistence, 51, 55

Hurons, 35, 52, 56, 98

husbandry. See farming

hypocrisy, 69, 70

I 

Iberian Peninsula, 58, 60, 73, 82, 83, 85, 92, 93, 101, 124

idleness, 55, 64, 127, 128, 131, 148, 165–66, 170; avoiding, 49

idolatry, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 115, 118, 121, 122, 130, 136

images, colonial, 171

improvement, 32–33, 38, 39, 42, 164, 165–66, 167

Incas, 3, 79, 100, 101, 122

independence: aftermath of, 9, 11; from England, 151; impact on colonial structures, 151, 157; movement, 163, 164; from Spain, 151

India, 153, 155

Indian Mission Council, 183

Indian Ocean, 138

Indian Religious Crimes Code (1883), 175

"Indian republics," 78

Indians, legend of "vanishing," 158, 159, 171–72. See also fictions,
partial, colonial

Indigenous Communities Statute of Paraguay (1981), 188

individualism, 180

Indonesia, 183

infanticide, 174, 175

inheritance, 85

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 181

intermarriage, 140, 149; English hostility toward, 150

Inuit, 185

Iran, 183

Iraq, 183

Iroquois, 92, 98, 108

Irish, 93

Isabel I, queen of Castile, 63, 64, 66, 77, 84, 85, 104, 117

Islam, 121; Shia, 59; Sunni, 59. See also Muslims

Italy, 93, 96

J 

Jamaica, 62, 64

James I, king of England, 43, 51

Jefferson, Thomas, 150, 186

Jesuits, Portuguese, 45, 99, 142, 143, 148; expulsion of from France, Spain, Portugal, Brazil, 145; See also mission village system, Jesuit

Jews, 75, 76, 79, 83, 85, 117, 118, 120, 123; Iberian, 74; Portuguese, 36

jizya. See tribute, Islamic

João III, king of Portugal, 55, 106, 139, 140, 142

Jogues, Isaac, 108

John, king of England, 48

Johnson, Edward, 52

Johnson, Robert, 128

juxtaposition: of colonial attitudes toward cannibalism, human sacrifice, idolatry, and sodomy,107–12; of colonial attitudes toward intermarriage, 149–50; of colonial attitudes toward native language, 147–48; of economic and religious aims, 69–70; of European and
Native American ideas on hunting, 55–56; of labor and ownership rights, 16–17; of methods of land acquisition, 88; of moral and physical separation, 123–24

K  

Kahura, 110

Kariri, 125

Kehoe, Alice, 175

Kenya, 153, 156

khums. See "fifth," the

kinship, 85; systems of, 85, 86

Knack, Martha C., 189

Kuwait, 183

L 

La Malinche, x, 147

labor, 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 65, 81, 87, 93, 102, 127, 130, 131, 134, 135, 136, 141–42, 144, 145, 148, 150, 153, 157, 165, 168, 176, 189; beliefs about, Dutch, 27; beliefs about, English, 115, 127, 129, 155; beliefs about, Portuguese, 3, 27; beliefs about, Spanish,3; defined, 14, 16; English, 114; European, 5; expenditure of, 27; forced, 102, 110, 111; gendered division of, 45, 46, 47, 148; grants of native, 67, 68, 101; and humanity, 116; markets, 124; monetary form, 16; native, 9, 17, 60, 62–65, 67–68, 71, 112, 145; need for, Portuguese, 107; need for, Spanish, 57, 102, 148; and ownership, 15, 18, 65; payment for, 65, 68, 87, 189; physical requirement of, 101; quotas, 64, 66; and race, 132; rights, 67, 115; slave, 103, 127, 139, 143, 144; surplus of, English, 37, 40; use of native, by Spanish, 3, 5, 9, 102, 115, 126. See also ownership

labor theory of property, 15, 16

laborers, farm. See farming

land, 29, 57, 86, 135, 150, 153, 165, 178; common, 32, 152; gendered as female, 29; native—see lands, Native American; non-return of to natives, 164; surface, 58, 83,152, 167; uninhabited, 29; unowned, 155; "virgin," 29, 148. See also "waste land"

land acquisition, 20, 23, 156; Dutch, 22, 88; English, 26, 88, 115, 159;
means to, 13; methods, 22; Portuguese, 88; Spanish, 88

"land compositions." See title, questionable

land law, English, 12, 13

land rights, 1, 2, 65, 84, 165, 180, 182, 185; based on work, 17; for
indigenous peoples, 12, 83

Land Settlement Act (1891), 153

land survey, 153

land tenure: collective, 172; forms of, 159

land title, 76; "aboriginal title," 184, 185; "native title," 184, 185

land use, 126

landownership, 2, 3, 9, 12, 16, 75, 76, 81, 84, 151, 179, 184, 185, 187, 188; Arabic preservation of, 75; communal, 40, 58, 84, 157, 158, 159; English, 15, 57, 184; English theory of, 42, 46, 129; entitlement to, 53; farm labor theory of, 56; individual,84; means to, 13; native, 180; native patterns of, 158; private, 58, 70; Spanish, 86–87; Spanish preservation of, 72, 77; transfer of, 153
lands, Native American, 17, 35, 112, 158; protection of from seizure, 3, 5, 7, 9, 71, 72, 83, 86, 152; seizure of, 133

landscape, uninhabited, re-creation of, 161

language, colonial, 164, 171, 173

languages, European, 7

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 65, 95, 98, 102, 142, 180

law: English, 14; Iberian, 122; Islamic, 62, 73, 79; native, 147;
Roman, 14, 155

Law of Nature, 38

Lawson, William, 129

laziness. See idleness

legal and economic systems: English, 8, 12, 13; Spanish, 8, 93; Portuguese, 8

Legro, 21

León, Juan Ponce de. See Ponce de León, Juan

Léry, Jean, 109

Lestringant, Frank, 107

liberty. See freedom

Libya, 183

Lima, 105

Lincoln, Abraham, x

Lisbon, 137

Littlefield, Alice, 189

Locke, John, 15, 16, 18, 35, 38, 40, 41, 155

logging, 167, 168

"lord proprietors," 139

Los Angeles, 178

Loyola, Ignatius, 99

Lucayos, 3, 63, 64

Lusitanians. See colonists, Portuguese

M 

Mabo decision (1992), 185

Magalhães de Gândavo, Pêro de, 146

Magna Carta, 48

Maine, 172, 188

Makahs, 176

Malacca, straits of, 138

Málaga, 93

Malhiero Dias, Carlos, 139

Mali, 74

Mapuches, 91, 100, 111, 180, 188

Maori Affairs Act (1953), 155

Maoris, 92, 110, 156, 160, 167, 169, 172, 185, 187

marriage: rules for, 85–86

Marshall, John, 157, 159

Mary I, queen of England, 49

Maryland, 39

Marx, Karl, 18

Massachusetts, 178

Massasoit, 24

Matanzas, 173

Mather, Cotton, 28, 57, 128

Matienzo, Juan de, 119

Mato Grosso, 62

Mayas, 2, 18, 77, 92, 95, 105, 174, 177

medicine men, 175

Megapolensis, Johannes, 22, 56

Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 120

Menominees, 166

mestizos, 119, 125

Mexica, 95

Mexico, x, 8, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 152, 164, 173, 174, 177, 183, 188

Michigan, 169, 170

middle class: English, 115; French, 115

Middle East, 113, 115, 132

military, 104, 149, 150, 175, 181; resistance, 104, 105

Milner, Clyde II, 159

Milsom, S.F.C., 12

Milton, John, 126, 127, 130

Minas Gerais, 62

mineral deposits. See natural resources

mineral reserves. See natural resources

mineral rights, 9, 70, 115, 133, 182, 187

mineral wealth ownership, 56, 57, 60; collective, 61, 62, 136, 152, 173, 179, 184; Iberian theory of, 58, 184; laws concerning, 152; non-return of to natives, 164 mining, 65, 182; banning of, 183; compensation for, 183; regulation of, 183. See also labor;

mineral rights; natural resources

Minuit, Peter, 22

mission village system, Jesuit, 136, 143, 144, 146, 148

missions, 66, 82, 99, 142, 145. See also evangelizing

Mohammed, 93

Mohawks, 56, 98, 110, 111

Mohicans, 111

money, 2, 15, 16, 21, 86, 103, 157; cacao beans, 18; cultural superiority of, 18; defined, 18;
tobacco, 18; wampum, 18

Montaigne, Michel de, 109

Montesinos, Antonio de, 66

Montreal, 108

moral boundaries, 113, 168, 169; English perception of, 9, 124, 128, 129, 131, 132; Spanish
perception of, 9, 120, 121, 129, 132

morals, 119, 129; Brazilian, 175; Hispanic, 174; native, 174; universally applicable, 181

More, Thomas, 30, 34, 37, 38, 40, 148; Utopia, 30, 41, 136

Moreno, Diogo de Campos. See Campos Moreno, Diogo de

Morocco, 93

Moses (Biblical figure), 93

Mt. Adams, 184

mulattoes, 119

Muslims, 24, 58, 59, 60, 62, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 87, 88, 92–93, 94, 97, 103, 105,114, 117, 120, 125, 137; Maliki, 73–74

N 

Nahua (language), 148, 164

Nahuas (people), 134

names: native, 177–78; place names, Spanish, 178; place names, U.S., 178; re-naming of

natives by Spanish, 177

Nantes, Martinho de, 125

narcissism, European, 6

National Archives of Mexico, 188

national commons, 160, 161

National Forest Service (U.S.), 161

National Park Service (U.S.), 161

natural gas. See natural resources, natural gas

natural resources, 3, 7, 9, 11, 111, 115, 134, 166, 182; bauxite, 182, 186; charcoal, 2, 50; coal, 186; copper, 186; diamonds, 57; emeralds, 57, 71; gold, 2, 57, 59, 60– 64, 66–67, 69–71, 74, 101, 125, 140, 148, 178, 182, 189; natural gas, 183, 184, 186; oil, 182, 183, 184, 186; pearls, 66, 71; petroleum, 152, 182, 185; silver, 2, 57, 59, 60–62, 67,
69–71, 125; timber, 2, 50, 52, 54, 141, 166, 167, 168, 186, 189; uranium, 186; zinc,186. See also crops; water

nature worship, 175. See also religion, native

naval tactics: English, 153; Portuguese, 138

Navarre, 74, 76, 85, 88

Nebraska, 178

Necotowance, 54

Netherlands, the, 15, 36, 37, 71

Netherlands States General, the, 27, 37

Nevada, 187

New Age, 176. See also religion, native

New Granada, 68

New Laws, the, 68

New Mexico, 67

New Netherland, 71

New Spain, 68, 105

New World, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92, 94, 95, 113, 178

New York, 110, 169

New Zealand, 153, 155, 156, 160, 167, 169, 172, 183, 185, 186

Nez Perces, 176

Ngulam, Aukin Wallmapu, 180

Nicaragua, 95, 96

Nigeria, 183

Nóbrega, Manuel da, 99, 125, 146

Norman Conquest, 9, 25, 48, 114, 156

Normandy, 49

Normans, 51, 54, 156

North Africa (see also Africa), 85, 93

North American Free Trade Act, 177

Northern Territory Act (1976), 182, 280 n.14

"nostalgia, imperial," 160

Nunavut, 185

Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvaro, 96

O 

Oaxaca, 84

Occidental Petroleum, 181

oil. See natural resources, oil

Oklahoma, 186

Oneidas, 25, 98

OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

"Orientals," 113

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 183

Ortner, Sherry, 92

Ovando, Nicolás de, 63, 64

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de. See Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo

ownership. See labor, and ownership; landownership; mineral wealth ownership

P 

Pacheco Pereira, Duarte, 27

pacification, frontier, Portuguese policy of, 143

pact, 24, 76, 88, 89

paganism, 94, 100, 118. See also "Gentile"; heresy

Panama, 179

Panekareao, Nopera, 185

paradise, 129, 130. See also Garden of Eden

Paraguay, 174

Parkinson, John, 130

Passamaquoddy, 185, 189

"pastime," 52

Patagonia, 179

Paul III, Pope, 100

Pawnees, 92

peace, 75, 83

Peace of Westphalia, 24

Pearce, Roy, 158

pecho, 74

Penn, William, 13, 20

Penobscot, 185, 189

pentimento, 1, 11

Percy, George, 55

Pereira, Duarte Pacheco. See Pacheco Pereira, Duarte

Pereira, Juan Solórzano. See Solórzano Pereira, Juan

Peru, 68, 79, 81, 96, 105, 164, 174, 177

Peruvian Native Communities Act (1974), 188

peyta. See pecho

Philip II, king of Spain, 80

Philip III, king of Spain, 103

Philip IV, king of Spain, 103

Philippines, 188

Pilgrims, x

plantations, 127

planting. See farming

Plymouth, 43

Pocahontas, 150

political: authority, 112; boundaries, 134, 173; censure, 181; crimes, 122; education, 129; identity, English, 131, 134; identity, native, 166, 168; identity, Spanish, 123, 134; rights, 174, 180; self-image, colonial, 116 politics, 114, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 133, 146, 147, 149, 157, 163, 164, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 176, 181, 182

poll-tax. See tribute

polygamy, 94, 99, 175

Polynesia, 12, 153

Ponce de León, Juan, 44, 101

"poor laws," English, 42

Popoyán, 96

population densities, Native American, 160

potlatch, 175, 176

presents, 19

press, U.S. popular, 172

profit, 39, 59, 67, 70, 89, 159, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175, 176, 178, 184, 186, 189; English
landowner’s rights to, 42

profitability, 164, 176, 186, 189

profiteering, 89. See also greed

property ownership. See landownership

property rights. See land rights

Protestants, 112

Proud, Robert, 158

Pueblos, 184

Pufendorf, Samuel von, 15

punishment, corporal, 101

Purchas, Samuel, 35

purchase, 19, 21, 22, 25; interpretation of by Native Americans, 19; land, 21; and "ransoming," 103; requirements, 20; treaty, 25

Puritans, 20, 36, 38, 43, 52, 53, 54, 147

Q 

Qatar, 183

quinto real, See "fifth," the

Quito, 96

Qur’an, 73, 74, 94

R 

race, 80–81, 119, 125, 181; mixed-race offspring, 149; visual identifying characteristics of, 132,177

racism, 131, 132

Ralegh, Walter, 13, 29, 35, 36, 38, 127, 130

ranching, 187

ransom, 92, 103

reason, 119, 125, 129, 130

"reason, people of," 118, 125

relations with Native Americans, French, 21

religion, 85, 93, 97 100, 101, 114, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 129, 146, 167, 181;
native, 147,173, 174, 175, 176; native, conversion to, 150; native, Spanish intolerance of, 85. See also Spanish Inquisition

religious superiority: Portuguese beliefs of, 94; Spanish beliefs of, 94

Rembrandt, 11

Renville, John, 176

repartimiento. See "apportionment"

república de indios. See "Indian republics"

rescate. See ransom

reservations, 177

resgate. See ransom

residence: forced relocation of, 144; with natives, English fear of, 123, 124; with natives, Spanish attitude toward, 123; place of 132, 177

resources. See natural resources

revenge, 108, 110

Rhodesia, 156

Rio de Janeiro, 62, 108

right of plunder, 101

right of refusal (see also purchase, requirements), 20, 187

right to wealth, native, 10

rights, attitude toward: American, x; European, x

rights, civil. See civil rights

rikaz. See mineral wealth ownership, Iberian theory of

Rio de Janeiro, 148

risks: at sea, 26, 27

ritual: Native American, 25, 87, 118; pagan, 121. See also Catholicism,
Christianity

Robin Hood, 48

Roman Catholic Church, 3–4, 66, 78, 85, 86, 93, 94, 97, 102, 106, 119, 142, 148. See also Catholicism

Rosaldo, Renato, 161

Rose, Carol M., 165

S 

Sá, Mem de, 106

sacrifice, animal, 122

sacrifice, human, 93, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 101, 107, 108, 111, 121, 128, 130, 181;

European, 112; Spanish terror of, 95. See also cannibalism

Sagard, Gabriel, 56

Said, Edward, 113

sailing, 26, 27

Salazar, Francisco Cervantes de. See Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco

Salvador, Vicente do, 106

San José, 178

Sanders, William, 80

Sanford, Ezekiel, 158

São Paulo, 62, 106

Sardinha, Pedro Fernandes. See Fernandes Sardinha, Pedro

Saudi Arabia, 183

Saxons, 51, 54

scholasticism, medieval, 95

Scots, 93

scouting, 161

Seattle (place), 178

Seattle, Chief of Suquamish, 161

Sebastião, king of Portugal, 106

self-absorption, European, 6

self-centeredness, European, 6

Selk’nam, 98

Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés. See Ginés Sepúlveda, Juan

serfdom, 66, 78

sexual mores, Muslim, 94

Shakespeare, William, 130

shamanism. See religion, native

Shoshones, 7, 161, 187

silver. See natural resources, silver

Silverblatt, Irene, 122

slave raiding, 104, 140, 143, 144

slavery, 65, 66, 67, 81, 92, 103, 105, 106, 111, 127, 133, 140, 141, 143, 148, 150; African slaves, 125; moral grounds for, 107; reasons for, 103–104; Iberian, 93, 103, 122, 136

Smith, John, 19, 20, 38, 55, 127

Soares de Sousa, Gabriel, 146

sobsolo, o. See natural resources, listed by individual mineral name

sodomy, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107, 121, 122, 130. See also homosexuality

Solórzano Pereira, Juan, 61, 78, 104

Sousa, Gabriel Soares de. See Soares de Sousa, Gabriel

Sousa, Tomé de, 140

South Africa, 156

South Asia (see also Asia), 12, 138, 153

South Australian Constitution Act (1834), 153

Soviet Union, 92

Spanish (language), 164

Spanish Inquisition, 36, 111, 121

Spanish Main, the, 62

Spanish Requirement, the, 14

spatial boundaries, 132, 133

speech accents, 177

Spokanes, 176

Squanto, x

stereotypes. See fictions, partial, colonial

Strachey, William, 34, 38

Stuyvesant, Peter, 8

subsuelo, el. See natural resources, listed by individual mineral name "subsoil, the." See natural resources, listed by individual mineral name

sugar. See crops, sugar

Symonds, William, 35, 129

T 

Tainos, 3

Tarik, 114

taxes, 79, 126, 137. See also tribute

Temple, William, 130

Tenochtitlán, 95, 108

terra nullius, 155–56, 165

Tetela, 80

Tierra del Fuego, 98

timber. See natural resources, timber

title, 87; questionable, 87. See also landownership

Tlaxcalans, 77, 79

Tlingits, 147

tobacco. See crops, tobacco; money, tobacco

Toledo (Spain), 74

Tongans, 92

torture, 66, 108

trade. See commerce

transvestism, 96

trapping, as pest extermination, 54

treason, 104

treaty, 22, 23, 24, 88, 156, 158, 169, 172; defined, 23–24

treaty purchase. See purchase, treaty

tribute, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 107, 148, 151, 164; communal obligations, 80; gendered payment of, 80; Indian, 78; Islamic, 81, 83

tributo. See tribute

Trippett, Frank, 172

tropic of Capricorn, 151

truce, 24. See also pact; treaty

trusteeship, 63–65, 67, 68, 142

Tupis, 3, 46, 91, 98, 100, 141, 147

Turia, Turiana, 177

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 160

Tutupeque, 104

U 

Uganda, 153, 155

Umar I, 75

United Arab Emirates, 183

United Fruit Company, 137

United Nations, 182

United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, 180

United States, 1, 3, 7, 92, 156, 164, 173, 175, 176, 183, 186; contested regions of, 8

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 170

U.S. Supreme Court, 185

U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union

Utah, 166

U’wa, 180, 181

V 

vagabond, 47. See also idleness

vagrant, 47. See also idleness

Valencia, 76, 88

van de Wassenaer, Nicolaes, 56, 110

Van Der Donck, Adriaen, 17

Vanuatu, 153

Vargas, Getulio, 152

vassals. See serfdom

Venetians, 93

Venezuala, 183

Vespucci, Amerigo, 30

victimization, of selves, English, 42–43

violence, 169, 170

Virginia, 39, 54, 149

Virginia Company, 128

Vitoria, Francisco, 179, 180, 181

W 


wage labor. See labor, payment for

Waica, 98

Waitangi: treaty of, 156; tribunal, 167

Wampanoag, x

war, 56, 83, 92, 94, 97, 99, 101, 157, 166

warehouses. See customshouses

Washington (place), 169, 170

Washington, George, 185, 186

waste, 31, 32, 33, 159, 165

Waste Lands Rule (1863), 153

"wasteland," 30, 31–32, 33, 34, 36, 40, 148, 153, 155, 165

water: surface, 76, 167

water rights, 76

Watkins, Rowland, 70

Wayland, Francis, 157

wealth, 58, 68; social allocation of, 40

weapons, 74, 82, 89, 132, 138

Weber, Max, 115

Welsh, 93

West, the American, 159, 160, 161

West Africa (see also Africa), 74, 138

West India Company, 23, 71, 88

West Indies, 57, 61

Wet’suwet’en, 155, 185

Williams, Roger, 13, 20, 53, 147

Williams, Samuel, 158

Winthrop, John, 14, 43

witchcraft, 174, 176

Wood, William, 46, 55

"work," (see also labor), 15, 55

Y 


Yakima, 184

Yanomami, xi, 7, 189

Yellowstone, 161

Yemen, 183

Yucatán peninsula, 77

Yucatec Maya, 147

Yup’ik, 185

Z 


Zapatistas, 174

*"Aborigine" derives from the Latin, meaning "original inhabitants.

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