Facts on Native American Tribes

INFORMATION ON NATIVE AMERICANS AND FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE

TRIBAL NAMES ABENAKI| APACHE | ARAPAHO | ASSINBOIN | ATHABASKAN | BLACKFOOT | CARIBBEAN | CADDO | CHEYENNE | CHEROKEE | CHICKASAW | CHINOOK | | CHIPPEWA | CHOCTAW | CHOINUMNE | CHUMASH |CLALLAM |COMANCHE | CREE | CREEK | CROW | DENE | DINEH | DAKOTA | | HAIDA| HIDATSA | HOHOKAM | HOPI | HURON | INUIT |IROQUOIS | KARUK | KICKAPOO | KIOWA | KLAMATH| KLALLAM| KWAKIUTL | LUMMI | MANDAN | MARICOPA | MODOC | LAKOTA |LUMMI |LUMBEE | | MUSKOGEE | | NAVAJO | NEZ PERCE | NOOTKA | OHLONE | OJIBWAY | ONEIDA | OTOE | PAIUTE | PAPAGO | PASSAMOQUODY | |PAWNEE |POWHATAN | POTAWATOMI | PUEBLO| PUGET SOUND LUSHOOTSEED| SEMINOLE | SHOSHONE| SPOKANE | | SQUAMISH | TLINGIT | TONKAWA | | TSHIMSHIAN | TOHONO O'ODHAM | UTE | WAMPANOAG |WET'SUWET'EN | WYANDOT | YAKIMA |YAQUI |YUCHI | YUMA| YUPIK | ZUNI |

For information on Maori and Aboriginal Peoples

ABENAKI General Background \| History of St. Francis Indians \|Meaning of Name\| Contradicting a 1727 Agreement\| 1752 Conference with French \| Cowasuck Band Today \|Vermont Abenaki Famous Members: Joseph Bruchac Location: Maine, New Brunswick (Canada) Population: 1,000 Language: Algonquian. 20 in both countries, including Canada. Penobscot is an eastern Abenaki language with only one remaining speaker.
APACHE 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\| 1898 Photographs\| Girl's Initiation Ceremony \| Jicarilla Apache Name \| Yavapai-Apache\| Kinship \| Apache Scouts circa 1873 Famous Members: Geronimo Location: Arizona and New Mexico Population: 50,051 Language: Na-Dene, 14,333 speakers, most of whom speak Western Apache LIPIAN Apache Location: roamed over the lower Rio Grande region of New Mexico, and eastward across the plains of Texas to the Gulf coast/ They originally sided with the Texans against Mexico, the Comanche, and Wichita, but after 1845 Texans turned on the Apache turning them into refugees in Coahuila Mexico. Population: 100 Language: 10 speakers or fewer
ARAPAHO Oral History of Arapaho \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photographs\|1851 Photo\| Oklahoma Band \|Stories Location: Wind River Reservation, Wyoming (Northern); Oklahoma (Southern) Population: 3 Language: Algonquian.
ASSINIBOIN (also known as Nakoda) 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photgraphs \| Fort Peck \| Fort Belknap \| Canadian Information (college level) Location: originally middle Dakotas Fort Belknap and Fort Peck Reservations, Montana; Central Alberta, west central Saskatchewan (Canada) Population: 3,500 Language: Siouan, 150 to 200 total fluent speakers over 40 years old, most over 60,including US.
ATHABASKAN Arctic Athabaskan\| California Location: From NW California to Alaska, Population: 13,738 Alaskan only Language: Na Dene family Many dialects largely spoken in Alaska. 716 speakers (excludes Apache, Gwichín, and Navajo (Na Dene speakers).
BLACKFOOT Montana Blackfoot Today\| Easy-to-read Introduction\|Nineteenth-century stereotypes by Edward Curtis\| 1898 Photographs\| Art exhibit of Tipis Location: Montana, southern Alberta (Canada) Population: 32,234 (US) Canada? Language: Algonquian, 9,000 total speakers US & Canada; 1,062 US speakers.
CARIBBEAN (multiple peoples) Caribbean Amerindian Interlink \| Arawaks and Caribe "cannibalism" explained \| No cannibals: an archeologist's report \|Indigenous community websites Location: Puerto Rico, Belize, Dominica, Saint Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, Northern Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana Population: Taino\| Caribs of Dominica \| Garifuna \|Trinidad \| Venezuela\| Suriname\|Guyana\| French Guiana Language: ARAWAKAN speakers on Caribbean Islands & South American mainland 327,405 (Akawaio 4,300 speakers, Arawak, 2,400 speakers Baniwa 5,900 speakers Curripaco 3,000 speakers,Guarequena 705 speakers\| Mandahuaca 3,000 speakers\| Piapoco 3,100 speakers\| Wayuu 305,000 speakers) \|\| CARIBE 19, 473 speakers on Caribbean Islands & South American mainland Caribe 10,000 speakers Maquirtari 5,240 speakers Panare 1,200 speakers Sikiana 33 speakers Yupka 3,000 speakers
CADDO Official Site (Oklahoma)\| Easy-to-read History (Texas) \| Location: originally from the Red River region of Louisiana and eastern Texas. Caddo fled to Indian Territory in 1859 when Texans plotted to exterminate them. Many sided with the Union and fled to Kansas during the Civil War. Population: 1,800 population Language: Caddoan, 141 speakers
CHEROKEE Eastern Band (North Carolina)\|Cherokee (Oklahoma) Trail of Tears \|Meaning of Name\| Princess Myth Famous Members: John Ross. Will Rogers Location: Originally Georgia, Alabama, now Oklahoma and North Carolina Population: 308,132 ethnic Cherokee Language: Iroquoian, 22,500 Cherokee speakers
CHEYENNE Southern Cheyenne in the 19th Century \| More Cheyenne\|Cheyenne sweat lodge \|1898 Photographs\| Cheyenne Language \| History for Ages 9-12 Location: Northern Cheyenne Reservation, southeastern Montana Population: 11,456 Language: Algonquian. 1,721 speakers
CHICKASAW Removal (Trail of Tears History) \| Treaty (1830) \|Language \| Chickasaw Nation Today Location: Oklahoma Population: 21,000 Language: Muskhogean language with 1,000 speakers
CHINOOK 19th century history from Edward Curtis Location: Oregon, Washington, Alaska Population: Originally 16,000 people Language: 100 total speakers all over 50 years old; 17 speakers in USA (1990 census). Formerly a contact dialect used from Oregon to Alaska,.
CHIPPEWA (Western Ojibway) Chippewa Nawash \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photographs \|Mille Lacs Band Cultural Information \|Meaning of Name\| Language Famous Members: Gerald Vizenor, Winona LaDuke Location: From Lake Superior westward to North Dakota, Population: 103,826 in USA Language: Ojibwe. All Ojibwe mother tongue speakers in Canada 30,000; 20,000 in USA.
CHOCTAW Choctaw \| Unofficial Site Location: resided in Mississippi, but moved to Oklahoma between in 1830 and 1832. Population: 43,000 in Oklahoma, 82,299 overall. Language::Muskhogean. 9,211 speakers
CHOINUMNE Present-Day Area Location: San Joaquin Valley, California; Population: 500 in 1990. Language: Choinumne is a dialect of the YOKUT language. Only 78 speakers of Yokuts remain.
CHUMASH Current Chumash Tribes \|Santa Barbara Museum Exhibit \| Location: California near Santa Barbara Population: Less than 100 Language: Hokan, Extinct since 1965
COMANCHE Brief History \| Comanche Tipis (with historical photos) \| Comanche Language 19th century photos by Edward Curtis \| Literature Location: Presently Western Oklahoma Population: 11,322 Language: Uto-Aztecan. 854 speakers
CREE Northern Quebec Cree\|Cree Trappers \| Muskeg Lake Cree (Saskatchewan) \| Cree by Edward Curtis Location: North central Manitoba westward across Saskatchewan and Alberta Population: 60,000 in Canada; 8,290 US Language: Algonquian, 60,000 Cree mother tongue speakers in Canada. Most (35,000)speak Western Cree.
CREEK(see also Muskogee) Brief History \|Meaning of Name\| Recreated Creek Village in North Carolina\| Village in Virginia \|1813 War Location: Large community. US government in 1802 claimed millions of acres of Creek lands in Georgia. Because Creek leaders refused to sign treaties (land cessions), the Georgians set up a mixed race man, William McIntosh as a "chief" and signed agreements with him. Between between 1836 and 1840 they were exiled to Oklahoma. Population: 43,550 Language: Muskhogean. 6,213 speakers
CROW 1898 Photographs \| Tribe's Website \|Gravel resources\| Film Office Location: Southern Montana. Population: 8,588 Language: Siouan. 4,280 speakers
DAKOTA / LAKOTA Nineteenth century Lakota \|1898 Photographs \| Pictographs Location: Dakotas, Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Canada) Population: 103,255 US Language: Siouan. 5,000 in Canada; 15,355 in USA
DELAWARE LENAPE Tribe Homepage \| New Jersey Homepage \|William Penn's Observations Location: Oklahoma, New Jersey Population: 9,321 Language: Algonquian. 10 speakers.
DENE Who are the Dene? \| Dene Stories \| Dene Fonts (Language) \| Location: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia Population: Gwich'in, North Slavey, South Slavey, Chipewyan, and Dogrib Language: Dene 7,000 Dogrib and Slavey speakers; 12,500 speakers total
GWICH'IN History \| Official Site Location: Between Old Crow, Yukon, and the lower MacKenzie River, Northwest Territories Population: 2,600 in Canada 1,100 in Alaska Language: Dene. 1,500 total speakers including US
HAIDA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Haida Tribe \|Spirits of the Sea exhibit Location: British Columbia coast Population: 2,000 Language: 225 speakers in Canada; 138 speakers in US; 363 total.
HIDATSA A nineteenth century account with the bowl ceremony Location: Dakotas, Saskatchewan. Fort Berthold Reservation. Population: 1200 US Language: Siouan, 425 speakers
HOHOKAM Archeological site\|Hohokam a complete history on-line \|Descendents Location: Gila River Arizona Population: Pima ancestors. Language: Pima and Maricopa. Historical language.
HOPI 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis Location: Arizona, New Mexico Population: 6500 Language: Uto-Aztecan. Is spoken at all Hopi pueblos except Hano. 5,264 speakers.
HURON OR WYANDOT Wyandot Nation of Kansas \|Wyandotte Nation (Oklahoma) \| Language Examples \| College Level History Location: In 1648 they were virally extinguished by the Iroquois, but in 1666 their French allies found safe haven for them in northern Michigan from where they later moved to Detroit and Ohio. They were eventually displaced first to Kansas and later to northeastern Oklahoma. Some remained in Canada. Population: 4,000 Language: Iroquoian, Extinct
INUIT Websites Whaling \| Inuit Location: Alaska, MacKenzie Delta Canada Population: 85,000 US Language: Inuktitut All mother tongue speakers in Canada 18,840.
IROQUOIS also known as Hotinonshon:ni History \| Location: New York State, Canada Population: 49,038 Language: Iroquoian. 2552 speakers (including Canada) includes Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondoga, Seneca
KARUK \|Map \| Contemporary Lives \| Karuk Art \| River Ceremonies Location: Northwest California Population: 2,700 Language: 176 speakers
KICKAPOO Photographs of Kickapoo (Texas) Location: originally resided between Fox and Wisconsin rivers in Wisconsin about 1765, they moved southward to Peoria, and then in the middle of the nineteenth century to Texas, and then Mexico. Population: 2,300 US Language: Algonquian. 539 US speakers, 300 in Mexico
KIOWA Websites: Kiowa \| 1898 Photographs \| Famous Members: N Scott Momaday Location: Began in upper Yellowstone and Missouri rivers and gradually moved southward, eventually allying with the Comanche. Population: 9,421 Language: 1,092 speakers (1990 census)
KLAMATH 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| National Park Service History \| Location: Southeastern Oregon Population: 2000 Language: Penutian, 88 speakers
KLALLAM 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Location: Northeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Population: 1800 Language: Salishan, 5 speakers
KWAKIUTL 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis Location: British Columbia Population: 3,300 population Language: 250 or fewer good speakers in Canada ; 45 in USA (1990 census)
LUMMI 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Tribe Website \|Language Lessons Location: West of Cascade Mountains Population: 4,648 Language: Salishan. Language currently being revived.
LUMBEE Tribe's Website \|History \|Popular account Location: North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland Population: 48,444 Language: Algonquian. Extinct.
MANDAN 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| History \|Current Chief Location: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota.s Population: 400 Language: Siouan, 6 speakers.
MARICOPA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Background Location: Gila River, Arizona Population: 200 Language: Yuman
MODOC Modoc Famous Members: Michael Dorris. Location: originally in Oregon, California. Assigned a reservation in Oregon in 1864, they revolted under the leadership of Captain Jack in 1872-73. They were eventually defeated and divided between the Klamath reservation in Oregon and the Quapaw reservation in Oklahoma. Population: Language: Penutian similar to Klamath.
MUSKOGEE (see also Creek) Tribe Website \|Texas History \| Location: East Central Oklahoma and southern Alabama Population: 20,000 Language: 6,213 speakers
NAVAJO [DINEH] Nineteenth century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Code Talker's Dictionary Location: Arizona Population: 225,668 Language: 148,530 speakers
NOOTKA Now called NUU-CHAH-NULTH 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis (includes the Makah)\| Maps and information\|The Rival Whalters (Edward Sapir) Location: British Columbia Population: 1,500 Language: 600 or fewer good speakers Nuuuchahnulth & nearby languages \| Map
NEZ PERCÉ 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Smithsonian photos 19th century\|Tribe's Website \|History of the 1877 War Location: Idaho Population: 1,839 Language: 697 speakers
OHLONE San Francisco & Monterrey Native Community \|Introduction Ages 9-12 \|College History \| Spanish Mission \|Other Communities \|Muwekma Tribal Council\| Map Location: California Population: 500 (Monterey) Language: Extinct
ONEIDA Tribe Website \|Wisconsin Tribe site \| Location: Central New York, eastern Wisconsin Population: 1,109 US Language: Iroquoian, 50 speakers in USA; 200 in Canada
OJIBWA(Eastern) Tribe Website \|Brief History \| Turtle Mountain \| Pictographs Famous Members: Louise Erdich Location: Northern Michigan Population: 25,000 population including Canada. Language: Eastern Ojibway 8,000 speakers
OSAGE Osage Tribe \| Osages of Southern California \|Osages of Northern California Location: North central Oklahoma Population: 9,527 Language: Sioua.n 5 speakers
OTOE 19th century Otoe clans and the Otoe by Edward Curtis\| Language \| Details on Language\| Introduction Ages 9-12 Basic History\| Location: (Kansas) Population: 1,400 Language: Siouan.100 speakers
PAIUTE UTE Southern Paiute \| Northern Paiute \|Meaning of Name\| Bear Dance \|Pyramid Lake Paiute \| Goshute Location: Utah Population: 11,142 Language: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Paiute 2,000 speakers; Southern 1,984 speakers
PAPAGO [TOHONO O'ODHAM ] 19th century photography by Edward Curtis \| Recent History \| Mission History \| Saguaro Harvesting \| Tribe Location: Arizona and Sonora Images from Edward Curtis Population: 20,000 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 11,819 speakers
PASSAMOQUODY Land Settlement \| History \| Passomoquody \|On-line Dictionary \|CD for language learning \|Tribe \| Canadian Band \| Canadian History Location: Maine, New Brunswick, Canada Population: 2,500 US; Language: 1500 speakers Passamaquoddy, Maliseet More
PAWNEE Pawnee Nation \|Historical residence in Illinois \| Romanticized Catlin portrait Location: A Caddoan tribe that often served as scouts for settlers. From 1833 to 1857 they gradually lost their Nebraska lands, and were resettled in Oklahoma in 1876. Population: 2,000 Language: Caddoan, 127 speakers
PIMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\| Mission History \|Main Tribe Another Tribe Modern Tribe's Website\| Famous Members Ira Hayes Location: Arizona (and Mexico) Population: 14,431 (US Census) Language: Uto-Aztecan, 11,819 speakers
POWHATAN New Jersey Band \| Powhatans (History) Ages 4-8 \| Recreated Village Location: New Jersery, Virginia Population: 3,000 Language: Algonquian. Extinct
POTAWATOMI Prairie Band (Kansas)\| Oklahoma Band\|Information Ages 4-8 Location: originally resided north of the Great Lakes with the Chippewa and Ottawa--and when they made contact with whites were living in Green Bay Wisconsin. They gradually controlled much of the upper Midwest, including Illinois. Today they reside in Kansas, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Population: 16,763 Language: , Algonquian. 100 in Canada; 200 in US
PUEBLO Historical information on the Acoma Pueblo by Edward Curtis \| All-Indian Pueblo Council \| Index of Pueblos\| Taos Pueblo by Edward Curtis \| Tewa Village circa 1900 \| Pueblo Woman 1920 Leslie Marmon Silko Location: New Mexico Population: 53,000 Language: At 11 pueblos, including Taos, Isleta, Jemez, San Juan, San Ildefonso, and the Hopi pueblo of Hano the natives speak Tanoan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock. The Keresan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock. Also are limited to Pueblo people—Western Keresan, spoken at Acoma and Laguna, and Eastern Keresan, at San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sia, Cochiti, and Santo Domingo.
PUGET SOUND LUSHOOTSEED 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\|Information \|College Course on Lushootseed \| Housing \| Historical Stories Location: Washington Population: 10,246 Language: 60 speakers or fewer evenly divided between northern and southern dialects.
SALISH US Tribe \|1898 Photographs\| Comprehensive US Links\| Background Ages 9-12 \| Meaning of Name\| Canadian Salish Photograph\|Canadian Salish Map\| Canadian Salish map \|\|History Location: Montana (Flathead Reservation), British Columbia (coast) Population:6,868 (1990 US census) 5,000 Canada Language: Salishan, 112 speakers in US; 895 in Canada according to SIL(Canadian Government has 2,250 Salish speakers)
SEMINOLE Oklahoma Tribe \| Florida Tribe \| 1832 Wars \| Summer Camp Painting 1963 Famous Members: Osceola Location: Florida, Oklahoma Population: 13,797 Descendants of Hitchiti, Creeks joined by Yamasee, Yuchi and escaped slaves. Language: Muskhogean
SHOSHONI \|SHOSHONE Shoshone Supreme Court Case and its Fallout \| Shoshonean Language Account of the Rain Dance \| Wind River Famous Members: Carrie Dann, Sacagawea Location:. Nevada, Idaho, Montana Population: 9,215 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 2,284 speakers
SPOKANE \| COEUR D'ALENES 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Spokane Tribe Famous Members: Author Sherman Alexie Location: Central Washington (state) Population: 1,000 Language: Salishan, 50 or fewer speakers (1990) out of a population of 1,000/ 40 speakers (1990 census), out of a population of 800 Coeur dÁlenes
SQUAMISH Squamish \| 19th century images from Edward Curtis \| Treaty Information Location:. Southwestern British Columbia, north of Vancouver Population: 2,300 Language: 20 or fewer speakers
TONKAWA Texas History with Map \| Oklahoma Tribe \| 19th Century History \| 1898 Photographs \|Meaning of Name\| Another History \| Yet another history Location: central Texas. Sided with the Union during the Civil War and were massacred by the pro-Confederate Delawares, Shawnee, and Caddo. In 1884 the remnants settled near Ponca, Oklahoma. Population: 335 Language: Coahuiltecan. Extinct.
TLINGIT Tlingit Tribe\| Alaska Tlingit \| Canadian Tlingit Location: British Columbia, Yukon Population: 13,925 US Language: Na-Dene, 135 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1981 census); 1,215 in US (1990 census); 1,350 total.
TR'ONDËK HWËCH'IN History \| Basic Language Audio File\| Legends Location: Mouth of the Klondike river Population: 250 Language: Few speakers in Canada; 18 in Alaska (1990 census)
TSHIMSHIAN History Age 12+ \| Tribe \| Treaty Commission\| Map of Canadian Location: Pacific Northwest Coast Population: 4,000 population Language: Penutian, 210 speakers in Canada; 113 in US.
WAMPANOAG History \|Today \| Location: Northeastern US: Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, New Bedford Population: 1,200 Language: Algonquian. Extinct
WET'SUWET'EN Wet'suwet'en \| Treaty Commission \| Location: Northern British Columbia Population: 5,000 Language: Athapaskan. Name means means "people of the lower hills."
WITCITA Housing \|Contemporary Tribe\| 19th century Photographs by Edward Curtis \| History \| History from a genealogist Location: Kansas, now Oklahoma Population: 1,798 Language: Caddoan
YAQUI Pascua Tribe \| Location: Arizona, Sonora (Mexico) Population: 9,931 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 400 US speakers; 16,000 Mexican speakers
YAKIMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Contemporary Yakima \|Introduction and Images Location: south central Washington Population: 8,000 Language: Penutian. 3,000 speakers
YUCHI Location: lived in Eastern Tennessee and the middle part of the Savannah river in Georgia . Removed with the Creeks in 1836 Currently in Oklahoma. And Georgia. Their homeland is now occupied by Fort Benning. Population: 1,500 Language: Uchean: (with Creeks and Shawnees) 84 speakers
YUMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| 1889 Account \|Historical Introduction \| Location: Arizona, Baja California, Mexico. Population: 3,000 Language: Hokan. Also known as Quechan and COCOPA. 343 speakers
YUPIK Language \| Map\| Location: Alaska, largely along the coast. Population: 17,000 Language: Related to Inuit language, spoken in the western Arctic region. 15,000 speakers
ZUNI The official Zuni site \| Basic information \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Zuni social customs (historical) \| Zuni harvest and solistice ceremonies\|Zuni-owned crafts \| Zuni Girl (1903) Location: South of Gallup New Mexico. Population: 7,500 Language: Shiwi is unrelated to any other Pueblo language or language families. 6,413 speakers
Population: Data from 1995 BIA; SIL Language: Data from SIL

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ABENAKI General Background \| History of St. Francis Indians \|Meaning of Name\| Contradicting a 1727 Agreement\| 1752 Conference with French \| Cowasuck Band Today \|Vermont Abenaki Famous Members: Joseph Bruchac Location: Maine, New Brunswick (Canada) Population: 1,000 Language: Algonquian. 20 in both countries, including Canada. Penobscot is an eastern Abenaki language with only one remaining speaker.
APACHE 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\| 1898 Photographs\| Girl's Initiation Ceremony \| Jicarilla Apache Name \| Yavapai-Apache\| Kinship \| Apache Scouts circa 1873 Famous Members: Geronimo Location: Arizona and New Mexico Population: 50,051 Language: Na-Dene, 14,333 speakers, most of whom speak Western Apache LIPIAN Apache Location: roamed over the lower Rio Grande region of New Mexico, and eastward across the plains of Texas to the Gulf coast/ They originally sided with the Texans against Mexico, the Comanche, and Wichita, but after 1845 Texans turned on the Apache turning them into refugees in Coahuila Mexico. Population: 100 Language: 10 speakers or fewer
ARAPAHO Oral History of Arapaho \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photographs\|1851 Photo\| Oklahoma Band \|Stories Location: Wind River Reservation, Wyoming (Northern); Oklahoma (Southern) Population: 3 Language: Algonquian.
ASSINIBOIN (also known as Nakoda) 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photgraphs \| Fort Peck \| Fort Belknap \| Canadian Information (college level) Location: originally middle Dakotas Fort Belknap and Fort Peck Reservations, Montana; Central Alberta, west central Saskatchewan (Canada) Population: 3,500 Language: Siouan, 150 to 200 total fluent speakers over 40 years old, most over 60,including US.
ATHABASKAN Arctic Athabaskan\| California Location: From NW California to Alaska, Population: 13,738 Alaskan only Language: Na Dene family Many dialects largely spoken in Alaska. 716 speakers (excludes Apache, Gwichín, and Navajo (Na Dene speakers).
BLACKFOOT Montana Blackfoot Today\| Easy-to-read Introduction\|Nineteenth-century stereotypes by Edward Curtis\| 1898 Photographs\| Art exhibit of Tipis Location: Montana, southern Alberta (Canada) Population: 32,234 (US) Canada? Language: Algonquian, 9,000 total speakers US & Canada; 1,062 US speakers.
CARIBBEAN (multiple peoples) Caribbean Amerindian Interlink \| Arawaks and Caribe "cannibalism" explained \| No cannibals: an archeologist's report \|Indigenous community websites Location: Puerto Rico, Belize, Dominica, Saint Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, Northern Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana Population: Taino\| Caribs of Dominica \| Garifuna \|Trinidad \| Venezuela\| Suriname\|Guyana\| French Guiana Language: ARAWAKAN speakers on Caribbean Islands & South American mainland 327,405 (Akawaio 4,300 speakers, Arawak, 2,400 speakers Baniwa 5,900 speakers Curripaco 3,000 speakers,Guarequena 705 speakers\| Mandahuaca 3,000 speakers\| Piapoco 3,100 speakers\| Wayuu 305,000 speakers) \|\| CARIBE 19, 473 speakers on Caribbean Islands & South American mainland Caribe 10,000 speakers Maquirtari 5,240 speakers Panare 1,200 speakers Sikiana 33 speakers Yupka 3,000 speakers
CADDO Official Site (Oklahoma)\| Easy-to-read History (Texas) \| Location: originally from the Red River region of Louisiana and eastern Texas. Caddo fled to Indian Territory in 1859 when Texans plotted to exterminate them. Many sided with the Union and fled to Kansas during the Civil War. Population: 1,800 population Language: Caddoan, 141 speakers
CHEROKEE Eastern Band (North Carolina)\|Cherokee (Oklahoma) Trail of Tears \|Meaning of Name\| Princess Myth Famous Members: John Ross. Will Rogers Location: Originally Georgia, Alabama, now Oklahoma and North Carolina Population: 308,132 ethnic Cherokee Language: Iroquoian, 22,500 Cherokee speakers
CHEYENNE Southern Cheyenne in the 19th Century \| More Cheyenne\|Cheyenne sweat lodge \|1898 Photographs\| Cheyenne Language \| History for Ages 9-12 Location: Northern Cheyenne Reservation, southeastern Montana Population: 11,456 Language: Algonquian. 1,721 speakers
CHICKASAW Removal (Trail of Tears History) \| Treaty (1830) \|Language \| Chickasaw Nation Today Location: Oklahoma Population: 21,000 Language: Muskhogean language with 1,000 speakers
CHINOOK 19th century history from Edward Curtis Location: Oregon, Washington, Alaska Population: Originally 16,000 people Language: 100 total speakers all over 50 years old; 17 speakers in USA (1990 census). Formerly a contact dialect used from Oregon to Alaska,.
CHIPPEWA (Western Ojibway) Chippewa Nawash \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|1898 Photographs \|Mille Lacs Band Cultural Information \|Meaning of Name\| Language Famous Members: Gerald Vizenor, Winona LaDuke Location: From Lake Superior westward to North Dakota, Population: 103,826 in USA Language: Ojibwe. All Ojibwe mother tongue speakers in Canada 30,000; 20,000 in USA.
CHOCTAW Choctaw \| Unofficial Site Location: resided in Mississippi, but moved to Oklahoma between in 1830 and 1832. Population: 43,000 in Oklahoma, 82,299 overall. Language::Muskhogean. 9,211 speakers
CHOINUMNE Present-Day Area Location: San Joaquin Valley, California; Population: 500 in 1990. Language: Choinumne is a dialect of the YOKUT language. Only 78 speakers of Yokuts remain.
CHUMASH Current Chumash Tribes \|Santa Barbara Museum Exhibit \| Location: California near Santa Barbara Population: Less than 100 Language: Hokan, Extinct since 1965
COMANCHE Brief History \| Comanche Tipis (with historical photos) \| Comanche Language 19th century photos by Edward Curtis \| Literature Location: Presently Western Oklahoma Population: 11,322 Language: Uto-Aztecan. 854 speakers
CREE Northern Quebec Cree\|Cree Trappers \| Muskeg Lake Cree (Saskatchewan) \| Cree by Edward Curtis Location: North central Manitoba westward across Saskatchewan and Alberta Population: 60,000 in Canada; 8,290 US Language: Algonquian, 60,000 Cree mother tongue speakers in Canada. Most (35,000)speak Western Cree.
CREEK(see also Muskogee) Brief History \|Meaning of Name\| Recreated Creek Village in North Carolina\| Village in Virginia \|1813 War Location: Large community. US government in 1802 claimed millions of acres of Creek lands in Georgia. Because Creek leaders refused to sign treaties (land cessions), the Georgians set up a mixed race man, William McIntosh as a "chief" and signed agreements with him. Between between 1836 and 1840 they were exiled to Oklahoma. Population: 43,550 Language: Muskhogean. 6,213 speakers
CROW 1898 Photographs \| Tribe's Website \|Gravel resources\| Film Office Location: Southern Montana. Population: 8,588 Language: Siouan. 4,280 speakers
DAKOTA / LAKOTA Nineteenth century Lakota \|1898 Photographs \| Pictographs Location: Dakotas, Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Canada) Population: 103,255 US Language: Siouan. 5,000 in Canada; 15,355 in USA
DELAWARE LENAPE Tribe Homepage \| New Jersey Homepage \|William Penn's Observations Location: Oklahoma, New Jersey Population: 9,321 Language: Algonquian. 10 speakers.
DENE Who are the Dene? \| Dene Stories \| Dene Fonts (Language) \| Location: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia Population: Gwich'in, North Slavey, South Slavey, Chipewyan, and Dogrib Language: Dene 7,000 Dogrib and Slavey speakers; 12,500 speakers total
GWICH'IN History \| Official Site Location: Between Old Crow, Yukon, and the lower MacKenzie River, Northwest Territories Population: 2,600 in Canada 1,100 in Alaska Language: Dene. 1,500 total speakers including US
HAIDA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Haida Tribe \|Spirits of the Sea exhibit Location: British Columbia coast Population: 2,000 Language: 225 speakers in Canada; 138 speakers in US; 363 total.
HIDATSA A nineteenth century account with the bowl ceremony Location: Dakotas, Saskatchewan. Fort Berthold Reservation. Population: 1200 US Language: Siouan, 425 speakers
HOHOKAM Archeological site\|Hohokam a complete history on-line \|Descendents Location: Gila River Arizona Population: Pima ancestors. Language: Pima and Maricopa. Historical language.
HOPI 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis Location: Arizona, New Mexico Population: 6500 Language: Uto-Aztecan. Is spoken at all Hopi pueblos except Hano. 5,264 speakers.
HURON OR WYANDOT Wyandot Nation of Kansas \|Wyandotte Nation (Oklahoma) \| Language Examples \| College Level History Location: In 1648 they were virally extinguished by the Iroquois, but in 1666 their French allies found safe haven for them in northern Michigan from where they later moved to Detroit and Ohio. They were eventually displaced first to Kansas and later to northeastern Oklahoma. Some remained in Canada. Population: 4,000 Language: Iroquoian, Extinct
INUIT Websites Whaling \| Inuit Location: Alaska, MacKenzie Delta Canada Population: 85,000 US Language: Inuktitut All mother tongue speakers in Canada 18,840.
IROQUOIS also known as Hotinonshon:ni History \| Location: New York State, Canada Population: 49,038 Language: Iroquoian. 2552 speakers (including Canada) includes Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondoga, Seneca
KARUK \|Map \| Contemporary Lives \| Karuk Art \| River Ceremonies Location: Northwest California Population: 2,700 Language: 176 speakers
KICKAPOO Photographs of Kickapoo (Texas) Location: originally resided between Fox and Wisconsin rivers in Wisconsin about 1765, they moved southward to Peoria, and then in the middle of the nineteenth century to Texas, and then Mexico. Population: 2,300 US Language: Algonquian. 539 US speakers, 300 in Mexico
KIOWA Websites: Kiowa \| 1898 Photographs \| Famous Members: N Scott Momaday Location: Began in upper Yellowstone and Missouri rivers and gradually moved southward, eventually allying with the Comanche. Population: 9,421 Language: 1,092 speakers (1990 census)
KLAMATH 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| National Park Service History \| Location: Southeastern Oregon Population: 2000 Language: Penutian, 88 speakers
KLALLAM 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Location: Northeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Population: 1800 Language: Salishan, 5 speakers
KWAKIUTL 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis Location: British Columbia Population: 3,300 population Language: 250 or fewer good speakers in Canada ; 45 in USA (1990 census)
LUMMI 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Tribe Website \|Language Lessons Location: West of Cascade Mountains Population: 4,648 Language: Salishan. Language currently being revived.
LUMBEE Tribe's Website \|History \|Popular account Location: North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland Population: 48,444 Language: Algonquian. Extinct.
MANDAN 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| History \|Current Chief Location: Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota.s Population: 400 Language: Siouan, 6 speakers.
MARICOPA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Background Location: Gila River, Arizona Population: 200 Language: Yuman
MODOC Modoc Famous Members: Michael Dorris. Location: originally in Oregon, California. Assigned a reservation in Oregon in 1864, they revolted under the leadership of Captain Jack in 1872-73. They were eventually defeated and divided between the Klamath reservation in Oregon and the Quapaw reservation in Oklahoma. Population: Language: Penutian similar to Klamath.
MUSKOGEE (see also Creek) Tribe Website \|Texas History \| Location: East Central Oklahoma and southern Alabama Population: 20,000 Language: 6,213 speakers
NAVAJO [DINEH] Nineteenth century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Code Talker's Dictionary Location: Arizona Population: 225,668 Language: 148,530 speakers
NOOTKA Now called NUU-CHAH-NULTH 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis (includes the Makah)\| Maps and information\|The Rival Whalters (Edward Sapir) Location: British Columbia Population: 1,500 Language: 600 or fewer good speakers Nuuuchahnulth & nearby languages \| Map
NEZ PERCÉ 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Smithsonian photos 19th century\|Tribe's Website \|History of the 1877 War Location: Idaho Population: 1,839 Language: 697 speakers
OHLONE San Francisco & Monterrey Native Community \|Introduction Ages 9-12 \|College History \| Spanish Mission \|Other Communities \|Muwekma Tribal Council\| Map Location: California Population: 500 (Monterey) Language: Extinct
ONEIDA Tribe Website \|Wisconsin Tribe site \| Location: Central New York, eastern Wisconsin Population: 1,109 US Language: Iroquoian, 50 speakers in USA; 200 in Canada
OJIBWA(Eastern) Tribe Website \|Brief History \| Turtle Mountain \| Pictographs Famous Members: Louise Erdich Location: Northern Michigan Population: 25,000 population including Canada. Language: Eastern Ojibway 8,000 speakers
OSAGE Osage Tribe \| Osages of Southern California \|Osages of Northern California Location: North central Oklahoma Population: 9,527 Language: Sioua.n 5 speakers
OTOE 19th century Otoe clans and the Otoe by Edward Curtis\| Language \| Details on Language\| Introduction Ages 9-12 Basic History\| Location: (Kansas) Population: 1,400 Language: Siouan.100 speakers
PAIUTE UTE Southern Paiute \| Northern Paiute \|Meaning of Name\| Bear Dance \|Pyramid Lake Paiute \| Goshute Location: Utah Population: 11,142 Language: Uto-Aztecan, Northern Paiute 2,000 speakers; Southern 1,984 speakers
PAPAGO [TOHONO O'ODHAM ] 19th century photography by Edward Curtis \| Recent History \| Mission History \| Saguaro Harvesting \| Tribe Location: Arizona and Sonora Images from Edward Curtis Population: 20,000 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 11,819 speakers
PASSAMOQUODY Land Settlement \| History \| Passomoquody \|On-line Dictionary \|CD for language learning \|Tribe \| Canadian Band \| Canadian History Location: Maine, New Brunswick, Canada Population: 2,500 US; Language: 1500 speakers Passamaquoddy, Maliseet More
PAWNEE Pawnee Nation \|Historical residence in Illinois \| Romanticized Catlin portrait Location: A Caddoan tribe that often served as scouts for settlers. From 1833 to 1857 they gradually lost their Nebraska lands, and were resettled in Oklahoma in 1876. Population: 2,000 Language: Caddoan, 127 speakers
PIMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\| Mission History \|Main Tribe Another Tribe Modern Tribe's Website\| Famous Members Ira Hayes Location: Arizona (and Mexico) Population: 14,431 (US Census) Language: Uto-Aztecan, 11,819 speakers
POWHATAN New Jersey Band \| Powhatans (History) Ages 4-8 \| Recreated Village Location: New Jersery, Virginia Population: 3,000 Language: Algonquian. Extinct
POTAWATOMI Prairie Band (Kansas)\| Oklahoma Band\|Information Ages 4-8 Location: originally resided north of the Great Lakes with the Chippewa and Ottawa--and when they made contact with whites were living in Green Bay Wisconsin. They gradually controlled much of the upper Midwest, including Illinois. Today they reside in Kansas, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Population: 16,763 Language: , Algonquian. 100 in Canada; 200 in US
PUEBLO Historical information on the Acoma Pueblo by Edward Curtis \| All-Indian Pueblo Council \| Index of Pueblos\| Taos Pueblo by Edward Curtis \| Tewa Village circa 1900 \| Pueblo Woman 1920 Leslie Marmon Silko Location: New Mexico Population: 53,000 Language: At 11 pueblos, including Taos, Isleta, Jemez, San Juan, San Ildefonso, and the Hopi pueblo of Hano the natives speak Tanoan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock. The Keresan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock. Also are limited to Pueblo people—Western Keresan, spoken at Acoma and Laguna, and Eastern Keresan, at San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sia, Cochiti, and Santo Domingo.
PUGET SOUND LUSHOOTSEED 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis\|Information \|College Course on Lushootseed \| Housing \| Historical Stories Location: Washington Population: 10,246 Language: 60 speakers or fewer evenly divided between northern and southern dialects.
SALISH US Tribe \|1898 Photographs\| Comprehensive US Links\| Background Ages 9-12 \| Meaning of Name\| Canadian Salish Photograph\|Canadian Salish Map\| Canadian Salish map \|\|History Location: Montana (Flathead Reservation), British Columbia (coast) Population:6,868 (1990 US census) 5,000 Canada Language: Salishan, 112 speakers in US; 895 in Canada according to SIL(Canadian Government has 2,250 Salish speakers)
SEMINOLE Oklahoma Tribe \| Florida Tribe \| 1832 Wars \| Summer Camp Painting 1963 Famous Members: Osceola Location: Florida, Oklahoma Population: 13,797 Descendants of Hitchiti, Creeks joined by Yamasee, Yuchi and escaped slaves. Language: Muskhogean
SHOSHONI \|SHOSHONE Shoshone Supreme Court Case and its Fallout \| Shoshonean Language Account of the Rain Dance \| Wind River Famous Members: Carrie Dann, Sacagawea Location:. Nevada, Idaho, Montana Population: 9,215 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 2,284 speakers
SPOKANE \| COEUR D'ALENES 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Spokane Tribe Famous Members: Author Sherman Alexie Location: Central Washington (state) Population: 1,000 Language: Salishan, 50 or fewer speakers (1990) out of a population of 1,000/ 40 speakers (1990 census), out of a population of 800 Coeur dÁlenes
SQUAMISH Squamish \| 19th century images from Edward Curtis \| Treaty Information Location:. Southwestern British Columbia, north of Vancouver Population: 2,300 Language: 20 or fewer speakers
TONKAWA Texas History with Map \| Oklahoma Tribe \| 19th Century History \| 1898 Photographs \|Meaning of Name\| Another History \| Yet another history Location: central Texas. Sided with the Union during the Civil War and were massacred by the pro-Confederate Delawares, Shawnee, and Caddo. In 1884 the remnants settled near Ponca, Oklahoma. Population: 335 Language: Coahuiltecan. Extinct.
TLINGIT Tlingit Tribe\| Alaska Tlingit \| Canadian Tlingit Location: British Columbia, Yukon Population: 13,925 US Language: Na-Dene, 135 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1981 census); 1,215 in US (1990 census); 1,350 total.
TR'ONDËK HWËCH'IN History \| Basic Language Audio File\| Legends Location: Mouth of the Klondike river Population: 250 Language: Few speakers in Canada; 18 in Alaska (1990 census)
TSHIMSHIAN History Age 12+ \| Tribe \| Treaty Commission\| Map of Canadian Location: Pacific Northwest Coast Population: 4,000 population Language: Penutian, 210 speakers in Canada; 113 in US.
WAMPANOAG History \|Today \| Location: Northeastern US: Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, New Bedford Population: 1,200 Language: Algonquian. Extinct
WET'SUWET'EN Wet'suwet'en \| Treaty Commission \| Location: Northern British Columbia Population: 5,000 Language: Athapaskan. Name means means "people of the lower hills."
WITCITA Housing \|Contemporary Tribe\| 19th century Photographs by Edward Curtis \| History \| History from a genealogist Location: Kansas, now Oklahoma Population: 1,798 Language: Caddoan
YAQUI Pascua Tribe \| Location: Arizona, Sonora (Mexico) Population: 9,931 Language: Uto-Aztecan, 400 US speakers; 16,000 Mexican speakers
YAKIMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| Contemporary Yakima \|Introduction and Images Location: south central Washington Population: 8,000 Language: Penutian. 3,000 speakers
YUCHI Location: lived in Eastern Tennessee and the middle part of the Savannah river in Georgia . Removed with the Creeks in 1836 Currently in Oklahoma. And Georgia. Their homeland is now occupied by Fort Benning. Population: 1,500 Language: Uchean: (with Creeks and Shawnees) 84 speakers
YUMA 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \| 1889 Account \|Historical Introduction \| Location: Arizona, Baja California, Mexico. Population: 3,000 Language: Hokan. Also known as Quechan and COCOPA. 343 speakers
YUPIK Language \| Map\| Location: Alaska, largely along the coast. Population: 17,000 Language: Related to Inuit language, spoken in the western Arctic region. 15,000 speakers
ZUNI The official Zuni site \| Basic information \| 19th century photographs by Edward Curtis \|Zuni social customs (historical) \| Zuni harvest and solistice ceremonies\|Zuni-owned crafts \| Zuni Girl (1903) Location: South of Gallup New Mexico. Population: 7,500 Language: Shiwi is unrelated to any other Pueblo language or language families. 6,413 speakers
Population: Data from 1995 BIA; SIL Language: Data from SIL